Buletin Veteriner Udayana is peer review journal, published by the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Udayana University as a medium of information and the development of veterinary science. Published six times throughout the year every February, April, June, August, October and December. This journal discusses the scientific works containing the results of research in the field of veterinary sciences. The scope of journal is wide and multidisciplinary that publishes original research papers, review articles, as well as conceptual, technical and methodological papers on all aspects includes research findings, experimental design, analysis and recent application in veterinary sciences.
The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University
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VIROTHERAPY WITH NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS IMPROVES HISTOPATHOLOGICAL PICTURE OF RATS LUNGS WITH FIBROSARCOMA
Fibrosarcoma is a malignant tumor that originates from fibrous connective tissue which generally grows in the soft tissue inside or subcutaneously. Common cancer treatments today, such as chemotherapy, have side effects on healthy cells. One of the alternative therapy that has been extensively researched today is virotherapy using the Newcastle Disease virus. This study aimed to determine the effect of virotherapy with Newcastle Disease virus on the histopathological appearance of the lungs of rats with fibrosarcoma. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) which consisted of two treatments. Treatment group 0 (P0) was then injected with PBS in the amount of 0.5 mL and treatment group 1 (P1) was injected with the Newcastle Disease virus in a dose of 0.5 mL/28 HA units. Two weeks after treatment, euthanasia was performed. Lung samples were then made histopathological slides and observed microscopically for hemorrhagic lesions, necrosis, and edema. From the results of both treatments, were found necrosis and hemorrhage, with no edema lesions. Data analysis used the Mann-Whitney test. The analysis found a difference in the mean necrotic and hemorrhagic lesions between P0 and P1 (P=0.050) where the number of these lesions decreased. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that virotherapy with Newcastle Disease virus can improve the histopathological picture of the lungs. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research that compares the effectiveness of virotherapy with conventional therapy in suppressing fibrosarcoma.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ANTIBIOTIC DROPS IN THE HEALING PROCESS OF INCISION WOUNDS IN WISTAR RATS MACROSCOPICALLY
A wound is a break in tissue continuity due to tissue substance that is damaged or lost due to injury or surgery. Wound healing is a process of repairing skin tissue or other tissues after an injury. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of giving antibiotic drops in the healing process of incision wounds in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). This study used experimental animals in the form of female wistar rats weighing 150-200 grams each, 120 days old, totaling 24 rats, which were divided into 4 groups with different treatments. The research object was adapted and then an incision wound 1.5 cm long with a depth of 0.5 mm was made on the back, then each group was given treatment, which was given drops of NaCl (T0), given drops of oxytetracycline (T1) antibiotics, given drops of amoxicillin (T2) antibiotics. , and given cefotaxime (T3) antibiotic drops. Based on the analysis of incision wound healing data in Wistar rats as seen from the signs of inflammation it had a significance value of 0.555 (P>0.05) and scabs with a significant value of 0.260 (P>0.05) which showed no significant/significant difference from the four treatment performed. Based on these results it can be concluded that the antibiotic drops given showed no different wound healing results between the four treatments.
QUALITY OF LOCAL PORK STORED AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
Balinese pig is a local pig derived from the species Sus scrofa vittatus that lives on the island of Bali. Meat has properties that are easily damaged due to physical, chemical and microbiological activities after cutting. These properties will affect the durability and shelf life of the meat before undergoing further processing. The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of local pork stored at room temperature for 24 hours and examined every 6 hours in terms of organoleptic tests and objective tests. The samples used in this study were Balinese pork in collum, cranial extremities, dorsal, and abdomen as much as 125 g each taken from one 4-month-old male Balinese pig obtained from a rolling pig slaughterhouse located in Penatih Village, Denpasar. The results showed that the quality of Balinese pork tested organoleptically (color, smell, consistency, and texture) and objective tests of water content, water binding power and Ph) taken in four parts cut at the babi guling slaughterhouse located in Penatih Village, Denpasar, based on statistical tests on organoleptic tests showed significantly different results (P<0.05). Meanwhile, in the objective test, there was no real difference (P>0.05). In this study, the condition of organoleptic values was normal, considering that meat samples were obtained from newly slaughtered animals. No change from the objective test indicates that there is no change in the quality of pork stored at a sufficiently low room temperature and the proliferation of bacteria has been hampered due to extremely cold temperatures. It is expected to conduct further research related to organoleptic quality and objective tests of Balinese pork based on meat slaughtered using traditional systems and slaughter using machines as the basic data of Balinese pork quality.
MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION STANDARD OF CEMCEM LEAVES SAMPLE GROWN IN PEMOGAN VILLAGE, DENPASAR CITY
All parts of the cemcem plant (Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz) have been clinically tested to have various benefits in the health sector, making it ideal for processing into raw materials for herbal medicine. The high content of steroids, triterpenoids, phenolics and flavonoids in cemcem leaves has the potential to make cemcem leaves as natural antioxidants. The various phytochemical contents in cemcem leaves provide assorted properties so that they have the potential to produced and processed into numerous medicinal preparations. This study will calculate the number of microbes’ contamination in cemcem leaves that grow in Denpasar City. The examination of microbial contamination was carried out through the Total Plate Count (TPC) and Yeast Fungus Test (YFT). The research data obtained were quantitative data that were analyzed by counting the number of microbes that grow on PCA and PDA after incubation at the appropriate growth temperatures. The results of this study show that the Total Plate Count from the sample was 1,5 x CFU/gram and the Yeast Fungus Test was 3,5 x CFU/gram. So the results of these studies can be concluded the number of ALT has fulfilled the requirements for the Semi Solid Drugs (colony/gram) but do not qualify the requirements for the Oral Drugs (colony/gram) on the number of AKK are required for Semi Solid Drugs (colony/gram) but do not qualify the requirements for the Oral Drugs (colony/gram). So it can be concluded that samples of cemcem leaves that grow in Pemogan Village, Denpasar City can only be processed into external raw medicine. It is necessary to apply Good Traditional Medicine Manufacturing Methods to obtain quality products and to re-sterilize simplicia samples using UV radiation and gamma rays to reduce the amount of microbial contamination.
NUMBER OF COLIFORM AND NON-COLIFORM BACTERIA IN RETICULUM OMASUM AND ABOMASUM IN BALI CATTLE BASED ON GEOGRAPHICAL DIFFERENCES
Bali cattle are germplasm originating from the island of Bali which is the most popular in Indonesia, so it is highly conserved and maintained for its population. This study aims to determine the level of livestock health, determine the content of good feed for breeders to support the development and increase in the population of Bali cattle in Indonesia. This research was conducted by taking samples at the Slaughterhouse in the form of the stomach contents of Bali cattle consisting of reticulum, omasum, and abomasum. The samples taken were 32 Bali cattle, 16 of which came from the lowlands and highlands. The method used in this study was the cultivation of bacteria on EMBA media using the scatter method. Data on the number of colonies of Coliform and Non-coliform bacteria growing on EMBA media are tabulated in the form of mean ± standard deviation (SD). The data obtained were then analyzed using the Independent sample T-test to determine its significance value. Mean ± SD results of the analysis of the number of bacteria the number of lowland Coliform bacteria, namely reticulum, omasum, and abomasum, namely 54.31±17.469x103 CFU/g, 52.63±19.071x103 CFU/g, and 59.63±18,011x103 CFU/g. While from the highlands, namely: 64.88±14.908x103 CFU/g, 61.94±13.056x103 CFU/g, and 62.00±12.920x103 CFU/g. While non-coliform bacteria from the lowlands were: 50.19±21.182x103 CFU/g; 44.38±18.279x103 CFU/g, and 38.63±18.998x103 CFU/g. The highlands are: 47.63±10.620x103 CFU/g, 46.56±13.301x103 CFU/g, and 45.00±12.517x103 CFU/g. The results of the follow-up study of the Independent Simple T-test showed that the number of Coliform and Non-coliform bacteria from each organ had no significant effect (Sig > 0.05) in the highlands and lowlands. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that differences in geographical location have no significant effect on the number of Coliform and Non-coliform bacteria in Bali cattle reared in the lowlands and highlands.
HISTOPATOLOGICAL OVERVIEW OF WHITE RAT LIVER WITH FIBROSARCOMA POST VIROTHERAPY NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRULENT ISOLATE
Newcastle Disease virus as the cause of tetelo disease in Indonesia or avian paramyxovirus 1 (APMV-1) is a type of oncolytic virus used as a virotherapy agent, due to its ability to lyse cancer cells in mammals including fibrosarcoma. As is known, the liver is an organ that functions in the detoxification of toxic and foreign materials that enter the body. The purpose of this study was to determine the side effects of the virulent isolate Newcastle Disease virus Gianyar-1/AK/2014 as a virotherapy agent on the histopathological features of the liver of white rats with fibrosarcoma. This study used 6 rats model of fibrosarcoma induced by carcinogens and then divided into two treatment groups consisting of three rats as replicates. Treatment 0 (P0) was injected with phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and Treatment 1 (P1) was injected with Newcastle Disease virus isolate Gianyar virulent-1/AK/2014 at a dose of 0.5 mL / 28 HA units. The histopathological features observed at 400X magnification were in the form of degenerative lesions and necrosis of hepatocyte cells and were then given a score according to their severity. The results of the Mann-Whitney U statistical test showed that there was no significant difference in the score of degenerative hepatocyte lesions between the two treatments (P>0.05). Meanwhile, necrotic lesions at P1 were lower when compared to necrotic lesions at treatment P0 (P<0.05). Based on these results it can be concluded that this virotherapy does not damage liver cells and intratumoral injection of the virus causes a better histopathological overview of the liver compared to those not given virotherapy. However, further research is still needed regarding the effect of giving the virus to liver cells in order to see the effectiveness of fibrosarcoma cancer treatment using the Newcastle Disease virus.
AVIAN INFLUENZA-H5N1 AND NEWCASTLE DISEASES IN LAYER
Avian influenza-H5N1 (AI-H5N1) and Newcastle disease (ND) are two important viral diseases in the poultry industry because they cause high economic losses. AI disease is caused by Influenza virus type A while ND disease is caused by Avian paramyxovirus type 1. AI and ND viruses are two pathogens that sometimes infect poultry together and often have similar clinical symptoms. The purpose of the examination is to determine the causative agent of the disease in order to determine a definite diagnosis. The 5-month-old Ross Brown laying hen came from a farm in Senganan Village, Penebel District, Tabanan Regency, Bali. The chicken population is 6,500 tails. Clinical symptoms of chickens include: respiratory problems, anorexia, weakness, unable to stand and green diarrhea. Chicken death occurred 5 days after the appearance of clinical symptoms. The number of sick chickens reached 1000, the chickens died more than 100, so the morbidity was 15.3%, the mortality was 1.53% and the Case Fatality Rate (CFR) was 10%. Pathological changes in anatomy include: dilation of cerebral vessels, tracheal and lung hemorrhage, edema and hemorrhage of the heart muscle, proventriculus petechial bleeding and abdominal fat, intestinal and ovarian hemorrhage and ruptured eggs were found in the abdominal cavity. Histopathological changes found congestion, hemorrhage and edema in the brain, hemorrhage and necrosis of the tracheal mucosal epithelium, multifocal hemorrhage and lung congestion, hemorrhage, edema and necrosis of the myocardium, erosion and necrosis of the intestinal villi as well as hemorrhage and regression of the ovum in the ovary. The results of virus isolation in embryonated chicken eggs resulted in the death of the embryo on the second day after inoculation which was characterized by bleeding and clear allantois fluid. The results of positive virus identification for Avian influenza-H5N1 and Newcastle diseases. Based on clinical symptoms, epidemiological data, pathological changes and HA/HI test results, it can be concluded that the case chickens were infected with Avian influenza-H5N1 and Newcastle disease viruses. Breeders are advised to carry out routine vaccinations and apply biosecurity to prevent Avian influenza-H5N1 and Newcastle disease.
BLOOD HEMOGLOBIN LEVELS OF CROSS PIGS GIVEN IRON SUPPLEMENTS BASED ON DIFFERENCES IN BODY WEIGHT
Iron deficiency results in piglets experiencing anemia with a clinical lack of red blood cells and low levels of hemoglobin (Hb) in the blood. This study aims to determine hemoglobin levels and differences in blood hemoglobin levels of pre-weaning crossbreed piglets given iron supplementation by injection in the pre-weaning period based on pre-weaning differences. This study used a sample of 36 pre-weaning cross piglets which were divided into two treatments, each with 6 replications for group K0 and 6 replications for group K1. Treatment in the K0 group as a control will be given a placebo in the form of an aquabidest injection, and in the K1 group given iron supplementation at a dose of 200 mg per head on the second day after birth. Blood sampling was carried out three times, namely when newborn, 7 days old, and 28 days old. Furthermore, examination of blood hemoglobin levels, using the EasyTouch GCHb tool. The results showed that iron supplementation in crossbreed piglets could maintain hemoglobin levels in the pre-weaning period.
ANALYSIS OF TOTAL MICROBES, COLIFORM, STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN BROILER MEAT IN TRADITIONAL MARKETS IN DENPASAR SELATAN
This study aims to determine the number of Total Plate Count (TPC), Coliform and Staphylococcus aureus in broiler chicken meat and to see differences between markets when compared to the number of TPC in broiler chicken limbs sold in several traditional markets in South Denpasar District. The number of samples used was 25 samples taken from 5 selected markets and 5 traders were taken from each market. The variables measured were TPC, Coliform and S. aureus. The measured data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and continued with Duncan's and Least Significant Difference (LSD) if there was a significant difference. This study showed an average TPC yield of 101.5 x 104 CFU/g, Coliform which was mostly at > 1100 x 102 MPN/g and S. aureus 6 x 100 CFU/g. The results of the analysis show that there is no significant difference (P>0.05) between markets. So from the results of this study it can be concluded that meat sold in traditional markets in South Denpasar District is not suitable for consumption when viewed from the number of microbes with reference to SNI 7388:2009. The existence of this data is expected to be a reference for further research, especially those referring to hygiene and sanitation applied by vendors in order to reduce bacterial contamination.
HISTOPATHOLOGICAL OVERVIEW OF WHITE RAT KIDNEY WITH FIBROSARCOMA POST VIROTHERAPY VIRUS NEWCASTLE DISEASE
Newcastle disease virus is an oncolytic virus that has great potential as a cancer virotherapy because it can selectively infect and replicate in tumor cells. Virotherapy with ND virus can also stimulate the immune system, and lyse tumor cells with limited or non-pathogenic pathogenicity against mammals. The purpose of this study was to determine the side effects of virotherapy of the Newcastle disease virus, the virulent isolate Gianyar-1/AK/2014 on the kidneys by observing its histopathological picture. This study used a model of six fibrosarcoma rats which were randomly divided into two treatment groups where each treatment consisted of 3 rats as replicates. The non-therapeutic treatment (P0) was injected with Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS) and the therapeutic treatment (P1) was injected with the Newcastle Disease virus isolate Gianyar-1/AK/2014 virulent at a dose of 0.5 ml 28 units of HA. Renal histopathology at P0 and P1 showed necrotic, hemorrhagic, and congestion lesions. The severity of the kidney lesions was scored and then the data obtained were analyzed using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. The results of this study found that necrotic lesions were milder in P1 rats compared to P0. As for hemorrhage and congestion, there was no significant difference between treated and untreated rats. Based on the results of this study, it can be interpreted that virotherapy of the Newcastle disease virus virulent isolate Gianyar-1/AK/2014 reduced necrotic lesions (p<0.05), while for hemorrhagic and congestive lesions did not increase the severity of the lesions (p>0.05) so that This shows that virotherapy with Newcastle disease virulent isolate Gianyar-1/ AK/ 2014 does not cause any adverse effects on the kidneys.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LONG-TAILED CHICKEN SEMEN
This study aims to determine the characteristics of the long-tailed chickens semen. A total of 8 long-tailed chickens that were sexually mature (6-8 months) were used in this study. Semen was collected using massage techniques on the back and cloaca of the chicken once every two weeks for three times which refers to the duration of the process of spermatogenesis. Semen characteristics were evaluated macroscopically including volume, color, odor, consistency and pH and microscopically including mass movement, progressive motility (%), abnormality (%), viability (%), concentration and number of spermatozoa per ejaculate. The results showed that the semen of long-tailed chickens had a volume of ±0.10ml, milky white color, pH of ±7.29, thick consistency and characteristic odor. Spermatozoa mass movement looks good (++), progressive motility ±86.22%, spermatozoa concentration ±4759.38 x ml, spermatozoa abnormality ±9.29%, spermatozoa viability ±86.15% and the number of spermatozoa per ejaculate ±483,49 x . This study concluded that long-tailed chickens had good semen quality with above average characteristic examination results. Further research is needed on long-tailed chicken semen such as storage and dilution techniques to support the implementation of artificial insemination so as to improve the quality and selling power of long tail chickens in Indonesia.
NUMBER OF FUNGI IN RETICULUM, OMASUM AND ABOMASUM BALI CATTLE BASED ON GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
Bali cattle are one of Indonesia's germplasm of large livestock species as a source of animal protein, Bali cattle are very well known for their superiority and their existence must be preserved. The purpose of this study was to determine the number of fungi in the reticulum, omasum and abomasum of Bali cattle based on their geographical location and to determine differences in the number of fungi in the reticulum, omasum and abomasum of Bali cattle in the lowlands and highlands. The research materials used were 32 samples from each of the contents of the reticulum, omasum and abomasum taken from the Pesanggaran slaughterhouse (RPH), Denpasar. The variables studied in this study were the number of fungal microbes found in the reticulum, omasum and abomasum of Bali cattle. The data obtained is displayed descriptively, using a qualitative observational research design with a cross-sectional study design. The mean number of fungi in the reticulum, omasum and abomasum of Bali cattle in the highlands and lowlands were respectively 90,63x105±53,475CFU/g and 51,88x105±13,276 CFU/g ; 70,63x105±32,755 CFU/g and 40,63x105±8,539 CFU/g ; 36,88x105±4,787 CFU/g and 21,88x105±4,031 CFU/g. The results of the independent t test analysis showed that the number of fungi in the reticulum, omasum and abomasum of Bali cattle in the highlands was significantly higher (P<0.05) compared to bali cattle reared in the lowlands. This research requires further research regarding the isolation and characteristics of the fungi in the reticulum, omasum and abomasum of Bali cattle in different plains locations to strengthen the research results both theoretically and practically
ESTABLISHMENT OF A TRADITIONAL VILLAGE REGULATION CONCERNING TO THE MANAGEMENT OF DOGS AND CATS IN THE TRADITIONAL SEGA VILLAGE, BUNUTAN, KARANGASEM BALI
Human deaths due to rabies that occurred in the Sega traditional village area in 2018 made the village consider that rabies is a threat to the community in the Sega traditional village area. The presence of the dharma program in 2020 in Sega traditional villages helps raise public awareness regarding the dangers of rabies and the importance of vaccination in the prevention and control of rabies. The establishment of an internal regulation in the village is considered necessary and important to be drafted to assist and support efforts to control rabies in the area of ??the Sega traditional village. Perarem pangele began to be compiled using the FGD (Focus Group Discussion) method together with the internal parties of the traditional village consisting of the traditional bendesa, prajuru and community leaders. The considerations of legal experts and academics from the Dharma Program were also included in perfecting the draft perarem pangele. The results of the Perarem draft were then consulted with related institutions and revised in accordance with the rules, systematic grammar. This Perarem has been issued with registration number P/0038/1206/043/07/DPMA/2022 with the title Perarem Pangele No. 07 of 2021 concerning Procedures for Caring for Dogs and Cats in Sega Traditional Village, Bunutan Village, Abang District, Karangasem Regency. 4 important points contained in this pangele perarem are related to the rights and obligations of dog and cat owners, how to maintain dogs and cats, how to handle dogs and cats as well as prohibitions and sanctions for violations. Further socialization needs to be done to implement this pangele perarem.
JAUNDICE DUE TO HEPATIC LIPIDOSIS FELINE IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS IN CATS
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) is a disease caused by a virus that attacks the cat's immune system. Feline Hepatic Lipidosis (FHL) is the most common liver disease in cats caused by excessive accumulation of triglycerides in hepatocytes which causes cholestasis liver dysfunction. This case study aims to find out how to diagnose treat cases of jaundice in cats. A Himalayan cat aged 7 years weighing 3.3 kg was examined at the Listriani Vetcare Clinic in a weak condition. Previously, the cat was missing for 50 days was later found in a neighbor's barn where there was only rainwater seepage. On physical examination, jaundice was found on the ears, sclera, lips, abdomen, abdominal distention was observed. Hematology examination was performed twice on day 2 day 9, blood chemistry, ultrasonography, FIV/FelV test kit. Hematological examination on the 2nd day showed that the case cat had mild anemia, leukopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia. The 9th day hematological examination showed anemia, neutrophilia, thrombocytopenia. Blood chemistry results showed an increase in alkaline phospatase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, total bilirubin, bile acids, total cholesterol, a decrease in Blood Urea Nitrogen. Ultrasound of the liver showed a diffuse hyperechoic mass the FIV/FelV test kit was FIV positive. Based on anamnesis, clinical examination, laboratory tests, the case cat was diagnosed with hepatic lipidosis FIV with a dubious prognosis. Case cats were treated with Cefotaxime (20 mg/kg, IV, three times a day), Hematodin® (0,6 mL, IV, once a day), Ondansetron (0,2 mg/kg, IV, twice a day), Samylin® small (1 tab, once a day), Metronidazole (25 mg/kg BW, PO, twice a day) for 10 days, Urdafalk (15 mg/kg BW, PO, once a day), Lactulose® (3 mL, PO, three times a day). On the 5th day, ondansetron cefotaxime were stopped given Cephalexin (38 mg/kg BW, PO, twice a day), Iron (1 tab, PO once a day), vitamin B12 (0.2 mL IV) TF Advance® (1 capsule, twice a day). The treatment given did not improve the condition, the case cat died on the 13th day. It is recommended that owners do not provide access for cats to leave the house to reduce the possibility of cats getting lost or contact with other cats that can transmit disease.
CUTANEOUS DRY TYPE OF SPOROTRICHOSIS IN PERSIAN CAT
Sporotrichosis is a mycosis that infects skin and subcutaneous tissue that is chronic. This infection is caused by thermodimorphic pathogenic species of the genus Sporothrix which are distributed worldwide and are often found in tropical and subtropical regions. Transmission of sporotrichosis can occur through scratching, biting, or direct contact of injured skin with the exudate of a sick cat or directly from an environment that is contaminated either soil, plants, and decaying plant material. Sportricosis is a zoonotic disease, so it must be detected and given treatment as soon as possible so that it does not spread to other animals or to humans. A three-year-old, gray male Persian cat with a body weight of 3.2 kg was reported with a lot of dandruff all over his body. On physical examination of the skin and hair, many scales were found in all parts of the body, there was alopecia and crusts on the lateral cervical and left sides and on the dorsal side. On supporting examination using tape acetate preparation followed by cytological examination, Sporothrix spp. spores were found. The case cat was diagnosed with sporotrichosis with a fausta prognosis. Sporotrichosis in cat cases has a cutaneous clinical form with a dry lesion type. The therapy given was griseofulvin tablets 500 mg at a dose of 50 mg/kg BW administered once a day for 21 days orally, ivermectin injection (10 mg/mL) at a dose of 0.4 mg/kg BW subcutaneously. Selamectin (spot on) containing 0.75 mL (45 mg) is dripped on the nape of the neck one week after ivermectin injection, then it is recommended to cut the cat's hair short, and bathe the cat using medicated shampoo once a week. The development of the results of therapy on the 18th day of treatment showed hair growth in alopecia and crustal lesions on the lateral cervical and left and dorsal parts, but there was still scaly hair on all parts of the body, so therapy had to be extended and prescribed drugs that had higher effectiveness than the previous drug, namely itraconazole. Management of sporotrichosis requires a long period of time and routine treatment and it is necessary to carry out routine medical check-ups to determine progress.
ADDITION OF VITAMIN E IN SEMENLIFE® DILUENT ON QUALITY AND SHELF LIFE OF SPERMATOZOA OF LANDRACE PIGS
Artificial insemination in pigs in Indonesia still uses liquid semen. Therefore, specific media are needed to maintain the quality of pig spermatozoa. This study aims to determine the effect of adding vitamin E (a-tocopherol) to Semenlife® (INTTEC) diluent on the quality and shelf life of spermatozoa of landrace pigs. The sample used was fresh semen which was collected using a mass technique taken from the UPTD. Regional Artificial Insemination Center, Livestock Breeding and Forage/Livestock Institute of Bali Province. A total of 24 samples consisting of 12 samples in the SemenLife® (INTTEC) diluent and 12 samples in the SemenLife® (INTTEC) diluent + vitamin E 400 µg/ml were stored at 15-18oC. Observation of spermatozoa quality (viability and motility) and storage time was carried out for 120 hours with observations of spermatozoa quality under a microscope every 24 hours, then DNA fragmentation was tested using the Pocrine 8-Hydroxy-desoxyguanosine ELISA Kit. The graph results of Duncan's test showed that the addition of 400 µg/ml vitamin E had a significant effect on the quality of spermatozoa, especially in terms of motility which was maintained at 48 hours and the lowest DNA fragmentation occurred at 72 hours. Furthermore, the addition of vitamin E was not able to extend the shelf life of landrace pig spermatozoa in diluent. Where, there was a decrease in motility and an increase in DNA fragmentation, respectively at 72 and 96 hours, in viability the decrease occurred periodically from the 0 hour to 120 hours. From the results of the quality and shelf-life tests obtained, spermatozoa can then be tested by conducting a fertility test to find out whether the results obtained can increase litter size.
TRICHURIS OVIS INFECTION RATES IN THE DRY SEASON IN THE KUPANG POLITANI FIELD LABORATORY
The goats being raised semi intensively on the field laboratory of State Agricultural Polytechnic of Kupang were kacang goats (Capra hircus). Objective: to measure Trichuris ovis infectious levels based on age during dry season. Nine heads of goats were grouped into two of four for 6 to 7 and five for 18 to 24 month old. Two methods to identify morphological worm eggs are sedimentation and floating; while infectious intensity was using McMaster method. Faecal samples for the two groups were collected twice a week. Descriptive analysis was applied to determine gastrointestinal endoparasites and endoparasite infectious intensity, so that of ambient temperature of pasture. The results showed that average infectious intensity of Trichuris ovis worm eggs for 6 to 7 month old goats was 100 TTG while that for 18 to 24 month old was 200 TTG. It can be concluded that the intensity of Trichuris ovis infection in goats aged 18 to 24 months is higher than that aged 6 to 7 months and is included in the light infection category. This infection category is influenced by season and food source. The difference in the age of the goats is one of the factors causing the difference in the intensity of Trichuris ovis infection between the two groups. The author suggests that in further Res. it would be better to use a larger number of samples with a longer Res. time so that the results are more accurate.
THE DAILY ACTIVITY OF SAMBAR DEER IN DEER CAPTVITY OF CENTRAL KALIMANTAN PROVINCE
The aim of this study is to determine daily activities of Sambar Deer in captivity and to find out the most dominant activity of Sambar Deer every day. This research used 10 samples of Sambar Deer consist of 5 harts which are given the sample code J1, J2, J3, J4, J5, and 5 hinds with the sample code B1, B2, B3, B4, B5. This research used three methods which are Focal Animal Sampling, Ad Libitium Sampling, and One Zero Sampling. The result of this study is that there are seven daily activities of Sambar Deer which are activities such as Eating Activity, Moving Activity, Resting Activity, Grooming Activity, Activity of Grinding the Antlers, Social Interaction Activity and Mating Activity. Resting Activity is the most dominant activity detected with a percentage of 40% to 42% with an average time of 4 hours 10 minutes to 4 hours 45 minutes. The hart with code J5 had the highest resting activity with 42.07% (32 hours 40 minutes/ ±1944 minutes) in one week of observation with an average of 4 hours 25 minutes/255 minutes (38.63%) to 4 hours 45 minutes/±267 minutes (40.45%) per 11 hours while female deer with the highest percentage of resting activity occurred in deer. B1 with 42.01% (32 hours 35 minutes/ ±1951 minutes) 1 week with an average of 4 hours 20 minutes/ ±252 minutes (38.18%) to 4 hours 55 minutes/ ±273 minutes (41.36%) per 11 hours.
THE EFFECT OF STORAGE TIME OF LONG-TAILED CHICKEN CEMENT WITH EGG YOLK AND COCONUT WATER DILUTED AT A TEMPERATURE OF 5oC
Long-tailed chickens or commonly called onagadori chickens are classified as rare and endangered animals. This ornamental chicken has the advantage of its long tail reaching 10 meters. This study aims to determine the effect of storing semen with egg yolk coconut water diluent stored at cold temperatures on motility, abnormalities and viability. The design in this study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 7 treatment groups for storage duration, namely 0 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 26 hours, 48 hours, 60 hours, 72 hours. The research object used was male long-tailed chickens that were sexually mature at the age of 6-8 months. Chicken semen storage technique by massaging the chicken's back (massage). Semen examination was carried out macroscopically and microscopically. Viability and abnormality of spermatozoa were observed using the eosin negrosin staining method. This study concluded that the motility, viability and spermatozoa abnormalities of long-tailed chickens in egg yolk coconut water diluent could be maintained for 48 hours at 5°C storage temperature with 52.41% motility, 50.15% viability and 7.33% abnormality. In order to obtain optimal results in supporting the success of artificial insemination, long-tailed chicken semen with egg yolk diluent and coconut water should not be stored for more than 60 hours.
TOTAL BACTERIAL PLATE NUMBERS IN RETICULUM OMASUM AND ABOMASUM AT BALI CATTLE BASED ON GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
Bali cattle is one of Indonesia's original germplasm as a producer of the best quality meat compared to other local cattle, so it is important to continue to increase production. One of the efforts to increase the production of Bali cattle is to know the number of bacteria as an indicator that affects the digestive process of feed in different geographical areas. The purpose of this study was to determine the ALTB in the reticulum, omasum, and abomasum of Bali cattle based on geographical location and to determine differences in the ALTB in the reticulum, omasum, and abomasum of Bali cattle in the lowlands and highlands. Sampling in the form of contents of the reticulum, omasum, and abomasum of Bali cattle was carried out at the slaughterhouse. This study used a sample of 32 samples. The method used is the cultivation of bacteria on Nutrient Agar (NA) media with the pouring method. The data obtained are tabulated in the form of Average (Mean) ± Standard Deviation (SD). Then analyzed with the Independent Sample T-test to determine the significant value. The results showed that the amount of ALTB in the reticulum, omasum, and abomasum of Bali cattle reared in the lowlands were 238x105±37,1 CFU/g, 205x105±56,8 CFU/g, 197x105±34,1 CFU/g, respectively. and highlands, namely 248x105±43,1 CFU/g, 223x105±37,5 CFU/g, 211x105±28,2 CFU/g. The results of the Independent Sample T-test continued, namely the value of ALTB in each organ there was no significant difference (P> 0,05) in the lowlands and highlands. This study concluded that there was no significant difference in ALTB in the reticulum, omasum, and abomasum of Bali cattle reared in the highlands and the lowlands. Henceforth, it is necessary to research the characteristics of bacteria in the reticulum, omasum, and abomasum of Bali cattle.
THE PREVALENCE OF EIMERIA SPP. INFECTION ON DOMESTIC CHICKEN IN BALI
Domestic chickens are widely raised by people in Bali with a semi-intensive and traditional maintenance system so that the health of the chickens is not considered. One of the parasitic diseases that poultry farmers often face is coccidiosis or blood in stool that caused by the protozoan parasites of the gastrointesinal tract of the genus Eimeria parasitic infection. The purpose of this research was to determine the prevalence of Eimeria spp. infection on domestic chickens in Bali as well as the correlation between male and female sex and regional location to the prevalence of Eimeria spp. infection on domestic chickens in Bali. Sampling was carried out by purposive sampling in several areas in Bali, namely Badung, Gianyar, Tabanan, and Denpasar City. The object of the research used was domestic chickens aged 5-6 months as many as 100. Stool samples are taken directly after defecation and then placed in a sample pot, then 2% solution of potassium bichromate (K2Cr2O7) is added which serves as a fertilizing agent for the Eimeria spp. oocyst. Examination of fecal samples using the floating method with saturated NaCl. The results showed that the prevalence of Eimeria spp. infection on domestic chickens in Bali was 51%. After analyzing the data by using chi-square test, it was stated that the male and female sex and location of the sampling area were not related to the prevalence of Eimeria spp. infection in domestic chickens in Bali. Given the high prevalence of Eimeria spp. infection on domestic chicken in Bali, it is recommended to the farmers of domestic chicken in Bali to further improve the husbandary management.
EFFECT OF VIROTHERAPY OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS ISOLATE GIANYAR-1/AK/2014 ON SPLEEN HISTOPATHOLOGY OF WHITE RAT FIBROSARCOMA MODEL
Fibrosarcoma is cancer that originates from fibroblast cells that grow uncontrollably and indefinitely. Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are commonly used anticancer therapies, but still have a negative effect on normal body cells, so alternative therapies are carried out using replication of oncolytic viruses, namely Newcastle disease virus. The purpose of this study was to determine the damage or negative effects on the spleen organ after virotherapy using Newcastle disease virus by observing the histopathological picture. This study used 12 rats that had been induced benzo(a)pyrene, after macroscopically observed cancer with a diameter of 3-4 mm, 6 tails with almost uniform cancer size. Grouped into two treatments, namely the control group (P0) injected with Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS) amounting to 0.5 mL and the treatment group (P1) injected with Newcastle disease virus at a dose of 0.5 mL/28 HA units. The variables observed were congestion lesions, hemorrhage, and necrosis. The results of histopathological observations from both groups showed no specific damage to the spleen organ, but lymphocyte proliferation was observed. Based on these results, it can be concluded that virotherapy with Newcastle disease virus isolate Gianyar-1/AK/2014 has no effect on the histopathology of the spleen of white rats with fibrosarcoma.
HISTOLOGY OF THE ABDOMEN SKIN AND LEUKOCYTES PROFILE OF DOGS WITH DERMATITIS
Skin is the markers of dog health and damage/lesions on the skin cause the dog appearance to be unattractive. One of the diseases that affect the appearance of dogs is dermatitis. Dermatitis is an infection that attacks the skin organs and tends to be difficult to cure, especially infections that occur in the abdominal area. Therefore, in its treatment, it is necessary to know the level of changes in skin lesions, as well as the patient's blood profile. This study aims to determine the histology of the skin and the total leukocyte profile of dogs with dermatitis and compared with non-dermatitis. 24 samples were taken from dogs with dermatitis and non-dermatitis. The samples form abdominal skin tissue and whole blood were taken by purposive sampling method. Histological images were examined using a microscope (400x) with the Haris haematoxilin eosin staining method, while the total leukocyte profile was measured using a hematology analyzer. The results showed that the clinical symptoms of dogs suffering from dermatitis were characterized by: itching, redness/rubor, hair loss/alopecia. Epidermal skin histology found: hyperkeratosis of the stratum corneum, necrosis, inflammatory cell, hydrophic and spogiotic degeneration of keratocyte cells, hyperplasia of the stratum granulosum. There is a segment s. scabiei in hair follicles, infiltration of lymphocytes and neutrophils, folliculitis and furunculosis in the dermis and hypodermis layers. While the leukocyte profile was found to increase, namely in dogs with dermatitis as much as 59% and non-dermatitis 50%. It can be concluded that dogs with dermatitis experience changes in histology and total leukocytes. However, in the future studies it is advisable to classify the types of dermatitis and differential leukocytes.
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ANIMAL WELFARE ASPECTS TO DOG CARE IN BANJAR BATUSARI, SANGEH VILLAGE, ABIANSEMAL DISTRICT, BADUNG REGENCY, BALI
Animal welfare is a form of animal rights to fulfill the physical, psychological needs of animals and environmental conditions that are suitable for these animals. The concept of animal welfare is known as the five freedoms, this provision requires that all animals kept have the following rights/freedoms, namely: freedom from hunger and thirst, freedom from heat and discomfort, freedom from injury, disease and pain, freedom from fear and suffering, and freely express natural behavior. This study aims to describe the application of animal welfare to dog rearing in Banjar Batusari, Sangeh Village, Abiansemal District, Badung Regency, Bali. Data collection was carried out by means of census interviews with all the heads of families (KK) of dog owners in Batusari Banjar, Sangeh Village, Abiansemal District, Badung Regency, Bali. The data obtained from the interviews will be tabulated using Ms.word and IBM SPSS and then the percentage of the amount of data that is in accordance with animal welfare practices and the percentage of the number of data that deviate is calculated. The results show that the application of the principle of freedom from discomfort is 46.9%, the application of the principle of freedom from hunger and thirst is 55.6%, the application of the principle of freedom to express natural behavior is 51.6%, the application of the principle of freedom from fear and stress is 97.6%, and the Finally, the application of the principle of being free from pain, injury and disease is 29.2%. Overall, the principles of animal welfare have been implemented by dog-owning households in Banjar Batusari, Sangeh Village, Abiansemal District, Badung Regency, Bali, although there is still a need to increase the application of some of the principles.
COMPARISON OF MINI-FLOTAC TECHNIQUE AND FLOTATION TECHNIQUE IN COPROSCOPIC TEST OF WORMS IN GREEN TURTLE FECES
The green turtle (Chelonia mydas) as a protected animal is an indicator of the health of marine ecosystems because it is a sentinel species. The most common cause of green turtle death is endoparasite infection. The discovery of worm eggs is based on coproscopic techniques using sedimentation, desorption, centrifugation and flotation of material. The Mini-FLOTAC technique is a direct method that was recently developed from the previous flotation technique for the diagnosis of intestinal parasitic infections. This study aims to compare the results of examination of worm eggs using the Mini-FLOTAC Technique and the Flotation Technique. The study used green turtle feces at the TCEC Serangan Bali Conservation and Education Center. The sample used 2 grams for each type of technique. Furthermore, an examination was carried out with the Mini-FLOTAC Technique and Flotation Technique in the Turtle Conservation and Education Center TCEC Serangan, Bali laboratory. The results were then analyzed with manual calculations and assistance from an online statistical calculator. The value of the k parameter is 0, interprets that there is a significant difference between the Mini-FLOTAC Technique and the Flotation Technique. This interpretation is supported by the results of the sensitivity values of the Mini-FLOTAC Technique reaching 100% and the Touch Flotation Technique 0% which indicates a significant difference between the results of examination of worm eggs based on their taxonomy on the Mini-FLOTAC Technique and the Flotation Technique. The Mini-FLOTAC technique showed superior effectiveness compared to the Flotation Technique for detecting worm eggs in this study. Clearer vision of eggs is sometimes seen in the results of the Flotation Technique. Making a filter for Fill-Flotac at 250µm for green turtle (Chelonia mydas) examination in order to produce clearer results.
BREEDER KNOWLEDGE AND APPLICATION OF BIOSECURITY ON QUAIL FARMS, KEDIRI CITY, EAST JAVA PROVINCE
Quail is one of the poultry commodities that are increasingly popular in Indonesia. This is evident from the growing interest of people in raising quails and the increasing number of individuals consuming quail products, including eggs and meat. Quail farming has the advantage of being easy to maintain, but there are also several crucial aspects that must be considered to prevent quails from contracting diseases or outbreaks. This can be achieved by implementing biosecurity measures, which are essential factors in managing a farm. The research aims to measure the level of knowledge among farmers, the implementation of biosecurity, and the correlation between knowledge and biosecurity application in Quail Farms in the cities of Kediri and Kediri Regency, East Java Province. The goal is to enhance knowledge about biosecurity in quail farms in the mentioned areas and serve as a reference for further research and application. The research design used is observational (survey) on quail farms in Kediri City, utilizing a questionnaire in the form of a Google form. The collected data is then recorded and tabulated using MS Excel, and subsequently explained descriptively and qualitatively, presented in tables or graphs. The survey and observation results of quail farmers in Kediri City, East Java, show the following average outcomes: 86.5% have good knowledge, 7.5% have sufficient knowledge, and 6% have poor knowledge. Regarding the implementation of biosecurity, 30% were rated as good, 49% as sufficient, and 21% as poor. In conclusion, the knowledge of quail farmers in Kediri City and Kediri Regency, East Java Province, is considered good. However, there is still room for improvement in the implementation of biosecurity measures, as many farmers do not adhere to proper biosecurity management systems.
EFFECTIVENESS OF AVERRHOA BILIMBI L. LEAF EXTRACT ON TOTAL LEUKOCYTES, LYMPHOCYTES, AND MONOCITES OF FREE-RANGE CHICKEN
Star fruit leaves contain the active compound tannin. Tannin extracts in star fruit leaves have effectiveness as antibacterials and may also have anthelmintic activity. The utilization of belimbing wuluh leaves as a traditional medicine is beneficial to reduce the use of synthetic antibiotics that have a negative impact on native chickens, which cause resistance and residues for consumers. Blood picture is one of the parameters of animal health status because blood has an important function in the physiological regulation of the body. This study aims to determine the total leukocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes in Gallus domesticus with Averrhoa bilimbi leaf extract treatment. The research was conducted from April-November 2023. A total of 200 grams of Averrhoa bilimbi leaf powder was dissolved with 1,400 mL aqua Proinjection. Then continued with evaporation to produce concentrated extracts and treatment using concentrations; P1: 25%, P2: 30%, and P3: 35% of the extract. The study with 5 treatments and 5 replicates was administered by daily feeding with a duration of 21 days. Blood samples were examined at the Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Politani Negeri Kupang using the Hematology Analyzer VH-22 Labomec Inc. Data analysis using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), if there are real differences then proceed with the Duncan Test. It can be concluded that the use of star fruit leaf extract concentrations of 25%, 30%, and 35% increases the total value of leukocytes and monocytes, while the value of lymphocytes is below normal values. The best and most effective is at 25% concentration. It is hoped that further research will be carried out on chickens of the same age and body weight so that the pharmacokinetic effects can be seen.
SALMONELLA SPP. CONTAMINATION IN CHICKEN MEAT SOLD IN MARKETS
Chicken meat is a food of animal origin that is widely consumed by Indonesian people because it has high nutritional value. Chicken meat, as a source of animal protein, is very easily damaged because it is susceptible to contamination with pathogenic bacteria and putrefactive bacteria which can cause health problems for humans. Contamination of pathogenic bacteria in foodstuffs of animal origin needs special attention, because the increasing number of microbes such as Salmonella spp. Contaminating chicken meat can cause Salmonellosis disease in humans. This research aims to obtain an overview of the characteristics of Salmonella spp bacterial contamination. in chicken sold in traditional markets so that food safety is guaranteed and does not cause foodborne diseases. The method used in this research uses the literature review method, namely by looking for sources of scientific articles or research J.s that are relevant to the material or topic of the review. The results obtained were 141 positive samples for Salmonella spp. and 357 samples were negative for Salmonella spp. This bacterial contamination is caused by a lack of attention to hygiene in the processing, storage and distribution of chicken meat. Researchers concluded that the bacterial contamination of Salmonella spp. found in chicken meat sold in traditional markets as a cause for the quality of chicken meat to decrease so that it is not allowed for human consumption. Therefore, a strategy is needed to control Salmonella through prevention and control from farm to table.
ANATOMICAL PATHOLOGY OF ASPERGILLOSIS AND RAILLIETINOSIS COMPLICATING CORYZA IN COMMERCIAL LAYERS HY-LINE BROWN IN RANCAEKEK, BANDUNG REGENCY
The aim of this study is to report a case of the upper respiratory system disease in chickens caused by the bacterium Haemopillus paragallinarum or what is known as infectious coryza (coryza/snot). This disease is an infectious disease in chickens that is acute to chronic. Observations made included anatomical pathology and bacterial isolation results. Poultry was necropsed and observed changes in the organs and then isolated them in media. The case study obtained was coryza disease which infected commercial laying hens of the Hy-Line Brown type, weight 1.2 kg, had brown feathers which were brought to the Padjadjaran University Teaching Veterinary Hospital with complaints of yellow caseous exudate in the left eye and Swelling of the infraorbital sinuses, nasal discharge, and shortness of breath. Physical examinations and supporting examinations were carried out in the form of necropsy examinations, endoparasite removal examinations, and fungal isolation and identification examinations in the case of chickens. On anatomical pathology examination, petechiae hemorrhage was found in the trachea, the lungs had interstitial pneumonia, liver discoloration became yellow, hemorrhage in the jejunum, findings of the endoparasite Raillietina spp. in the large intestine, ecchymatous hemorrhage in the caecum-colon, the kidneys are pale in color, and the ovaries experience oophoritis. Microbiological examination by isolating chicken comb samples showed the growth of Aspergillus niger spores. Based on the anamnesis, clinical symptoms, anatomical pathology, microbiological examination of fungal isolates, it was concluded that the chicken was diagnosed as having primary infectious coryza infection and secondary infections of raillietinosis and aspergillosis. Further supporting examination is needed by planting case animal sample isolates on chocolate agar media which has factors V and X, so that it can support the diagnosis of coryza.
HISTOPATHOLOGICAL VIEW OF WHITE RATS HEART WITH FIBROSARCOMA POST VIROTHERAPY NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS ISOLATE GIANYAR-1/AK/2014
Virotherapy is a type of cancer therapy that utilizes the properties of viruses to destroy cancer cells. This therapy uses an oncolytic virus can destroys cancer cells. In the study, the oncolytic virus used was the virusNewcastle Disease. Virus Newcastle Disease known to be non-pathogenic in mammals so that this virus can be used as a cancer treatment agent. This study aims to determine the histopathological description of Newcastle Disease virus virotherapy on the cardiac histology of white rats with fibrosarcoma. Mice were grouped into two treatment groups, namely P0 (treatment 0) with fibrosarcoma treated with PBS and P1 (treatment 1) with fibrosarcomas treated with a virus Newcastle Disease at a dose of 0,5 ml/28 HA units. Histopathological view of the heart of P1 white rats shows hemorrhagic lesions, congestion, and edema. The results of the microscopic examination were then quantified by scoring and analyzed using non-parametric tests. The results of the observation showed that Newcastle Disease virotherapy did not give significant changes in hemorrhagic lesions, congestion and edema (P>0,05).
GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES ON ONE-HUMPED CAMELS IN BALI
One-hump camel (Camelus dromedarius) is the most populous camel species in the world. Camels in Bali are used for tourist attractions, namely to be ridden by tourists. Gastrointestinal parasitic diseases. affect camel health which can reduce camel productivity and performance as well as predisposing to other infectious diseases. This study aims to identify the types of gastrointestinal parasites present in camels so that prevention and treatment can be carried out effectively. This study is an observational study with a cross-sectional study approach. The samples used were feces from all camels in Bali with a total of 10 camels kept at Bali Camel Adventure, Bali Camel Safari, and Akame Camel. Fresh feces of camels are stored in plastic pots using 10% formalin and 2% potassium bichromate separately. Fecal examination is carried out by three methods, namely the native method, sedimentation, and flotation. The gastrointestinal parasites found are identified based on morphology according to the literature. The data obtained are presented in a qualitative descriptive manner. The results of the study from 10 samples examined found (9/10) positive camels for nematode type gastrointestinal parasites with a prevalence reaching 90%. The gastrointestinal nematode parasites identified in one-hump camels in Bali are Capillaria spp., Strongyle type, Trichostrongylus spp., Strongyloides spp., and Trichuris spp. Given the high prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in one-humped camels in Bali, improved husbandry management is recommended.
DERMATOGLYPHIC PATTERNS OF LONG-TAILED MACAQUE POPULATIONS IN BALURAN NATIONAL PARK, SITUBONDO, EAST JAVA
Variation on long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) dermatoglyphics in an island and genetic relationships interpopulations are still mainly unrevealed. Until now, there is no reports or scientific studies that reveal the data in Baluran National Park. This study aims to describe the variations of dermatoglyphic patterns of the long-tailed macaque population in Baluran National Park considering that the population of this macaque in the East Java Region has played an important role in the history of its distribution in the Southern Archipelago of Indonesia. The samples were 14 individual consisting of 10 male and 4 female captured randomly from Baluran National Park, Situbondo, East Java. Dermatoglyphic prints were collected using the transparent adhesive tape method. Analysis, found that there were 3 basic patterns of dermatoglyphics namely open field, whorl, and loop. The pattern types on both of the tips of the fingers and toes were are all uniform in whorl pattern. The open field pattern was the highest frequency pattern throughout the pattern area on both of the palms and soles with a percentage of 43.3%. The highest frequency of the open field pattern was found in the thenar and hypothenar distal pattern areas of the palms and in the thenar distal, thenar proximal, hypothenar distal, hypothenar proximal and calcar patterns areas of the soles. The frequency of the dominant whorl pattern was found in the interdigital pattern area II, III, and IV of the palms. The frequency of the proximal loop pattern subtype was found throughout the second interdigital pattern area of ??the sole. Further research is needed on the total number of ridges and the level of bilateral asymmetry of dermatoglyphic patterns of long-tailed macaques in Baluran National Park.
PREVALENCE OF LEUCOCYTOZOON SPP. INFECTION IN FREE-RANGE CHICKENS IN BALI
Free-range chicken is one of the livestock favored by the people of Indonesia both eggs and meat. When breeding, of course, breeders will be faced with obstacles or problems, one of which is diseases caused by blood parasites, for example Leucocytozoonosis. Leucocytozoonosis or malaria-like disease is a protozoan disease that attacks the blood of poultry, caused by the parasite Leucocytozoon spp Given the level of losses caused by infection from these parasites, this study needs to be done in order to determine the prevalence of Leucocytozoon spp infection in free-range chickens in Bali. This study used blood smears from 100 chickens in Bali as samples. The method used in this study was in the form of making thin blood review preparations with 10% Giemsa staining and microscopic examination. The parameter measured was the presence or absence of Leucocytozoon spp in thin blood review preparations. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive analysis and to determine the relationship between sex and region of origin of chickens with the prevalence of infection Leucocytozoon spp was analyzed using chi-Square analysis. The results showed that the prevalence of Leucocytozoon spp infection in free-range chickens in Bali was 30%. After analysis using the chisquare test, it was stated that sex was not related (P>0.05), while the location of the sampling area was related (P<0.05) with the prevalence of Leucocytozoon spp infection in free-range chickens in Bali. It can be concluded that the prevalence of Leucocytozoon spp infection in free-range chickens in Bali is 30%, with the sampling area associated with the prevalence of Leucocytozoon spp infection in free-range chickens in Bali, while sex is not related. We recommend that farmers improve maintenance management given the high prevalence of infection.